Annotated Bibliography On Instructional Planning And...

Description of the Artifact: Artifact 1: Artifact 1, under Tab E: Instructional Planning and Strategies is the IEP Final completed in the graduate course ELSE 6073 Educational Procedures for Moderate and Profound individuals. For the IEP project, participants were provided information about an individual diagnosed with a severe disability. Based on the information provided, candidates were asked to develop IEP goals and objectives based on the student’s individual needs. Additionally, participates were to complete a final IEP for the selected student, incorporating the seven steps in the IEP completion process. Artifact 2: Artifact 2, under Tab E: Instructional Planning and Strategies is the Research Paper completed in the course ELSE 6183 Teaching Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders. The Research Paper project required students to research teaching practices and strategies dealing with students diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders. Candidates were ask to research and review related literature to the pertaining to the selected research topic. Students then completed the research paper on their selected topic, including completing an abstract, introduction, and summary of the problem or topic related to the research. Additionally, students were asked to include a summary of the related literature research, discussing of proposed solution, and conclusion to the research topic. Lastly, candidates created a video presentation of discussing the research topic andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Annotated Bibliography691 Words   |  3 Pages Annotated Bibliography 6 Kozub, R. M. (2010). 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The teacher will record what each child is working on and will keep track of when they finishRead MoreInformation Security15951 Words   |  64 Pagesto writing the actual literature review following the theory of argument. What is a Literature Review? Novice researchers tend to approach the literature review as nothing more than a collection of summaries of papers or an elaborated annotated bibliography of multiple research manuscripts (Webster Watson, 2002). A meaningful literature review is much more. Hart (1998) defined the literature review as â€Å"the use of ideas in the literature to justify the particular approach to the topic, the selectionRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography3971 Words   |  16 Pagesâ€Å"Annotated Bibliography† By: Ada E. Arroyo TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1. Randall, R., Cox, T. Griffiths, A. (2007). Participants accounts of a stress 4 management intervention. Human Relations 2. Hays, J. (2007). Dynamics of Organizational Wisdom. Business Renaissance Quarterly 4 3. Williams, B. (2005). MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT. Williams, B. (2005). MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT. 5

An Evaluation Of Building Envelopes - 708 Words

An evaluation of building envelopes The idea of twinning the exterior of a building to the interior sustainable qualities is ingenious and responds well to threat created from climate change. The movement in the attention paid to envelopes is fascinating as it has responded to a trend in external aesthetics and together they unite. A particularly attractive feature regarding this is the function of being automated or manually controlled, and by this, architects immediately think of different ways in which day lighting, ventilation and heating can be integrated into a sustainable design. With such a vast scale of development in this sector of architectural design, it is at a large disadvantage that the prices of the materials required are at such a high cost, therefore hindering access to the general public. In order to improve accessibility, it may be viable to look at making materials much more available at much more affordable rate. Giving the user the option to change the way in which they live is an innovative idea which encourages the growth of much more modern technology. It encourages much more appreciation for the space in which one lives. This therefore persuades much more sustainable living. ‘We do not need more economic growth as we need to relearn the ancient lessons of generosity, as trustees for a moment between those who precede us and those who will follow. Our greatest needs have nothing to do with the possession of things but rather with heart, wisdom,Show MoreRelatedA Design Strategy For Mixed Mode System1673 Words   |  7 PagesMixed-mode is a hybrid approach to space conditioning that combines passive techniques with mechanical system, reaching the optimum performance by switching between them. Architects and building designers are exploring mixed-mode as a way of combining the best features of air-conditioned and naturally-ventilated buildings. 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Ruth case Free Essays

In order to make the first cut in the list of potential countries, Hannah looked at the penetration strategy, market development, diversification and product development as a strategy for entering a new market. The unused variable that would be helpful would be the political stability, competition and the regulations that might limit the business growth. For research purposes the following were taken in consideration: Population, legal to import USA beef, affinity for American brands, consumer dining bits and amount of beef-eaters in that country. We will write a custom essay sample on Ruth case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The exhibit number 4 was used to narrow the 200 countries to 33. My top 5 choices are different from Henna’s. My choices are Germany, United Kingdom, Singapore, Spain and Bahamas. The main reason for this choice is because Germany is the national largest economy in Europe and has a very high standard of living, which increase the changes of success in this country. United Kingdom has very small political risk and their way of eating is similar to this country. United Kingdom also has affinity to American products. Singapore is growing very quick. Their standard of living Is very high and Is one of the most expensive Asian countries to live In. Spain GAP per capita Is the 8th largest in the world. Spain also has a very large population (over 40 million). Their beef eating habits are similar to US. The last one would be Bahamas because even thought Is small, it’s a very tourist place. It’s full of visitors all year long, increasing the chances of success for restaurants. Bahamas Is second to US In beef consumption. These five countries are meat eaters according to the US Census Bureau of 2012. How to cite Ruth case, Papers

Life Is A Game free essay sample

My life is a gamble. It is like being in a casino. There are moments of winning and losing and moments of ups and downs. As I go through it, I also meet some friends or even rivals. Indeed, I will meet lots of people. One of the things I learned in the casino is how to watch my back because not at all times, people are going to stand behind me and protect me from any danger. But another thing I learned there is that it is not enjoyable if you play alone. Like in life, it would be more exciting if you have two or more companions instead of being alone. Life is like a poker game and when you start playing, you start the gamble. In the game, you either win something or lose something. You cannot keep everything. Not all the time, you win and take the grand prize home. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Is A Game or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In some cases, you take home nothing. In life, I learned how gamble and I learned how to choose and weigh things respectively. As my game starts, my journey and my life start to roll. I have to choose the best play or else I will lose everything I’ve worked for. The chips I am holding are now at stake. It’s like I am giving it all to the one who really controls the game. And as the game ends, all I can do is accept how the game ended. In life, we don’t know how it would end but we know how to make it better. Like an excited yet breath-taking games in the casino, we ought to know when to end so as not to lose everything. It is not bad to make some gambles in life because it is inevitable. We just have to play our strategies well and accept what the result may be.

Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications

It is very hard to comply with professional ethics when making decisions because at some instances, legal and ethical inconsistencies arise resulting into a dilemma. According to Davis, â€Å"being ethical does not always mean following the law, and just because something is possible does not mean it is ethical, hence the dilemma† (353). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Since persistent dilemmas do arise in various professions, professional bodies have formulated code of ethics, which stipulates the conduct and prescribes ethical values that the members should uphold when faced with dilemmas in order for them to make the right decisions. In this regard, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) formulated their code of ethics to regulate the conduct of their respective engineers. This essay explores two ethical cases and discus ses their ethical implications with respect to the American Society Civil Engineers code of ethics. The Case of Art Ainsworth In this case, Art Ainsworth has ethical obligation to take further action by informing the building authority about the status of Walter’s residence. One of the fundamental principles of the code of ethics demands engineers to use their knowledge and skills in improving the welfare of human beings; therefore, it is quite ethical for Art Ainsworth to report the matter to the building authority. Basing on canon one, section one â€Å"engineers shall recognize that lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions and practices incorporated into structures, products, processes and devices† (ASCE 22). In this case, engineer Art Ainsworth has recognized the structural deficiency in his client’s residence and further advised on the emergency measures required to avert the impending inj ury or loss of life. Even though his client, Walter Weakly through his lawyer orders him to take no further action, canon one, section three prescribes that it is ethical for him to furnish information regarding violation of canon one.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since Art Ainsworth is an employee of his client and has received legal notification from his client to take no further action concerning his residence: it results into legal and ethical complication. Canon four of the code of ethics requires engineers to act faithfully and avoid conflict of interests emanating from their professional role. The fact that Art Ainsworth had offered to provide engineering service to repair his client’s residence but the client declined and furnish him with legal objection, shows that conflict of interest exists. Code of ethics canon four, section one states that, â€Å"engineers shal l avoid all known or potential conflicts of interest with their employers or clients and shall promptly inform their employers or clients of any business association, interests, or circumstances which could influence their judgment or the quality of their services† (ASCE 23). Therefore, despite the fact that Art Ainsworth has ethical responsibility to take further action since his client has not repaired his residence according to his recommendation, taking further action will have an ethical setback due to the conflict of interest. Whether public or private building, engineers have ethical responsibility of ensuring that they utilize their skills and knowledge optimally for human and environmental benefit. According to canon one, â€Å"engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable development in the performance of their professional duties† (ASCE 22). Hence, Art Ainsworth has ethical responsibility of ensuring that the residence of his client meets the required standard for safety and welfare, and this has no effect on the course of action Art Ainsworth should take.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Given Art’s situation, I would have given the same recommendation to Walter Weakly; that his residence requires immediate repair due to the impending snowstorm, which may cause injury or loss of life. By doing this I will be acting within the code of ethics and ethical test that are imperative in decision-making. Since code of ethics demands professional action in ensuring safety and welfare of humanity, compelling my client to repair his building in due time is ethical. In my case, I would have not offered to provide repairing services because it is unethical because it creates conflict of interest, and fur thermore, it does not pass ethical tests such as defensibility test, virtue test, reversibility test, and professional test. (Davis 365). Professional ethics prohibit engineers from soliciting or accepting gratuities from their clients and therefore, offering to provide engineering services to the client is unethical. The Case of Richard Jones Richard’s actions are in violation of the ASCE code of ethics, canon one, section two, since he fraudulently signs and seals the documents, which he did not prepare. Canon six of the code of ethics requires engineers to uphold dignity, honor, and integrity of their profession. According to canon six, section one, â€Å"engineers shall not knowingly act in a manner which will be derogatory to the honor, integrity, or dignity of the engineering profession or knowingly engage in business or professional practices of a fraudulent, dishonest, or unethical nature† (ASCE 24). Richard’s actions do not pass ethical tests of reve rsibility, defensibility, professional and organizational test, thus quite unethical.Advertising Looking for essay on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Richard could have taken other actions in order to conform to the ASCE code of ethics and pass various ethical tests. To avoid fraudulence, Richard could have advised his client to terminate his contract legally with the other engineering firm before reviving their business relationship. Alternatively, he should have demanded a fresh start of the document his client wanted approved rather than approving the work of others. Canon 5, section two prescribes that, â€Å"engineers should negotiate contracts for professional services fairly and on the basis of demonstrated competence and qualifications for the type of professional service required† (ASCE 24). To pass reversibility and professional test, Richard should have considered his building professional reputation and give fair competition. If I were in Richard’s position, I would consider legal and ethical implications that would arise. Firstly, approving the work of others is not only against professional ethics, b ut also it is a criminal offence of fraud, and I would be liable to prosecution in a court of law. Secondly, signing and sealing the work of others as though my own work will earn me a bad professional reputation that will lead to my suspension or even expulsion from the American Society of Civil Engineers and subsequent doom of my professional career. Canon 6, section one, states that, â€Å"engineers shall not knowingly act in a manner which will be derogatory to the honor, integrity, or dignity of the engineering profession or knowingly engage in business or professional practices of a fraudulent, dishonest or unethical nature† (ASCE 24). Basing my decision on this stipulation, I would have considered following legal and ethical procedures that would enhance my reputation and give fair competition to others. Works Cited American Society of Civil Engineers. â€Å"ASCE Code of Ethics.† The Fundamental Principles of the ABET Code of Ethics of Engineers. (2006): 21-25 . Davis, Michael. â€Å"Developing and Using Cases to Teach Practical Ethics.† Teaching Philosophy 20. (1997): 353-385. This essay on Two Ethical Cases and Their Implications was written and submitted by user Gabrielle Merrill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Extraterritoriality and Extraterritorial Rights

Extraterritoriality and Extraterritorial Rights Extraterritoriality, also known as extraterritorial rights, is an exemption from local laws. That means that an individual with extraterritoriality who commits a crime in a particular country cannot be tried by the authorities of that country, although often she or he will still be subject to trial in his or her own country. Historically, the imperial powers often forced weaker states to grant extraterritorial rights to their citizens who were not diplomats - including soldiers, traders, Christian missionaries, and the like. This was most famously the case in East Asia during the nineteenth century, where China and Japan were not formally colonized but were subjugated to an extent by the western powers. However, now these rights are most commonly granted to visiting foreign officials and even landmarks and plots of land dedicated to foreign agencies such as dual-nationality war cemeteries and memorials to famous foreign dignitaries. Who Had These Rights? In China, the citizens of Great Britain, the United States, France and later Japan had extraterritoriality under the unequal treaties. Great Britain was the first to impose such a treaty on China, in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking that ended the First Opium War. In 1858, after Commodore Matthew Perrys fleet forced Japan to open several ports to ships from  the United States, western powers rushed to established most favored nation status with Japan, which included extraterritoriality. In addition to Americans, citizens of Britain, France, Russia, and the Netherlands enjoyed extraterritorial rights in Japan after 1858. However, Japans government learned quickly how to wield power in this newly internationalized world. By 1899, after the Meiji Restoration, it had renegotiated its treaties with all of the western powers ​and ended extraterritoriality for foreigners on Japanese soil. In addition, Japan and China granted each others citizens extraterritorial rights, but when Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Chinese citizens lost those rights while Japans extraterritoriality was expanded under the terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki. Extraterritoriality Today The Second World War effectively ended the unequal treaties. After 1945, the imperial world order crumbled and extraterritoriality fell into disuse outside of diplomatic circles. Today, ambassadors and their staffs, United Nations officials and offices, and ships that are sailing in international waters are among the people or spaces that may enjoy extraterritoriality. In modern times, contrary to the tradition, nations may extend these rights to allies who are visiting and often are employed during military troop ground movement through friendly territory. Interestingly, funeral services and memorials often are granted extraterritorial rights for the nation the monument, park or structure honors as is the case with the John F. Kennedy memorial in England and dual-nation cemeteries like the Normandy American Cemetary in France.

Process of merchants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process of merchants - Essay Example The said process can be considered as the onset of the different processes that are needed to be undertaken which require a synergy of planning and strict decision making since critical assessment is required to determine what types of products can target the needs of the clients (Cant, Strydom, Jooste and du Plessis 128). The identification of the clientele for the particular upcoming season can be considered as a crucial step in the process. Initially, specific type of consumers is identified and the stability of the said market to support continued manufacturing and production is established. An addition important characteristic of the said market is economic accessibility which is related to more profitability in terms of less expenses and costs on higher benefits (Cant, Strydom, Jooste and du Plessis 128). There are different criteria that can assess the right choice in merchants. One is the size and growth capability of the market that can ensure use up of the supplies that can be produced and the expansion of the business undertaken. The potential profitability which is related to the long-term capability of the business to prosper is another important factor. The determination of the capability of the business to achieve the set goals is also another important factor (Cant, Strydom, Jooste and du Plessis 129). Basically in the determination and classification of the profitable line and market in the merchant process can only effective if it is compatible to the type of services that can be offered. Thus, the process of classification choice of a merchant can also include the assessment of the point where the needs of the market and the capability of the company can meet. Through this, the profitability can be optimized. To be able to have the maximum benefits in the market, the process of forecasting or determination of the products that can have the high demands can be considered as another fundamental phase.

Megacities in Asia Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Megacities in Asia - Assignment Example The slum owners aspire to get better houses, healthcare, infrastructure and social cultural facilities. The citizens are concerned with the general hygiene, how tax payers’ money is being used and the crime rates. The landowners on the other hand, are concerned with the financial loss and encroachment (Ruparel 2013). The residents of Mumbai are likely to benefit from the low cost houses that will be on offer once the redevelopment is completed. They are also set to benefit from the infrastructure that Dharavi will be offering. E.g. Recreation amenities, healthcare facilities, better infrastructure, including the railway line and the roads, this will make the city to be more accessible. The redevelopment of Dharavi will reduce the crime rates as most of the slum dwellers will get employed in the new marketplaces. The quality of life in the city of Mumbai will improve after this project is finally completed. The pollution from the slum will be highly reduced and this will reduce the rate at which diseases are spread and generally lead to a better living conditions (Ruparel 2013). There also plans to build several schools that will impart knowledge to both the slum dwellers as well as the residents of

Editing my answer papres Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Editing my answer papres - Essay Example The warehouse was burgled and the company suffered a loss of $30,000. The insurance company claimed that the insurance policy did not cover burglary and therefore refused to pay. Duty of care was breached when Daniel failed to check the content of the insurance policy. When Quality Sofa expected to collect insurance it was faced the losses of 30,000 $ which affected its financial state, because he did not carefully check the statement and should be held liable for it. If Daniel is unaware of nature of insurance policies, because he is an accountant, it is no excuse to just sign the policy. He should have spent time and even requested legal advice if necessary not to be held liable in this particular case. As for his liability in duty of loyalty, he is liable for getting personal benefit by offering a client of Quality Sofa Bed a discount that not the company’s interest, but rather his own interest. If the client had approached Daniel as an individual, then he would not be held liable. Although Daniel should have disclosed that the warehouse that Quality Sofa and Bed purchased was his, he saved for Sofa and Bed 5,000 $ because the fair value was valued +5,000 $. In the specific incident he kept his self-interest aside and put the company’s benefit on the first place. Although Daniel did not technically breech his duty of loyalty in the warehouse incident, he definitely breeched his duty of care with the insurance contract and his duty of loyalty with the personal gain he benefited from. There were two violations of duties. I think that although he sold his warehouse for less than fair value and since he insisted on the directors to purchase his warehouse, he should have at least disclosed that he owned the warehouse or even restrained from voting. Since he already breached one duty of care and one duty of loyalty he can’t be considered a reliable director. Corporate governance has failed miserably to alert of send signals to everyone that

Psychiatry Case Report: A Dual Diagnosis

Psychiatry Case Report: A Dual Diagnosis Name: Nur Farah Ashikin Abu Salman Presenting Complaint: AB is a 33 year-old, single, unemployed man who was brought in by Garda to the psychiatric department on 8-10-14 with suicidal ideation. He has history of alcohol abuse since 2004. History of Presenting Complaint: AB was brought into the psychiatry unit by the Garda when he allegedly rang his sister to say he wished to end his life by jumping in front of the train. He was then located at his friend’s house. He was disheveled and strong smell of alcohol is evident. AB was happy to be kept involuntarily. He refused to be reviewed medically in AE and threatened to leave. AB denies any past history of self-harm. He has drinking problem since 2004 after his friend died in a car crash. On admission, he admits he has been drinking non-stop for 40 days. He feels hopeless like life is not worth living. He does not feel he is improving at all even though he tried he described it as â€Å"I just cannot see anyway to fill up this whole up.† AB wanted to go straight to rehab. He is very keen to get better and his aim and goal is to sort out his life. AB appears very low in mood and energy. He confessed he has so much to go through in his life. He also admits he has sleep disturbance and reduced appetite. He states he has not eaten for 45 days and nights. He denies any hallucinations, delusion of thoughts control or passivity phenomena. AB was not on any medications prior to admission. Past Psychiatric history: 2004 – 2014 – Day Hospital July 2014 – Had 6 out of 13 weeks in but was asked to leave, as staffs were unable to facilitate his physical complaints. September 2014 – Admitted voluntarily due to depression. Social History AB lives alone. His best friend died in car crash in 2004 and early this year one of his friends committed suicide. He just broke up with his girlfriend 3 months ago. He was a mechanic but got fired due to his drinking problems. His social welfare funding also has been stopped recently. He spends most of his time by drinking at his house, his friend’s or at the pub. Drug and Alcohol History AB has alcohol problem since 2004. Prior to admission, he admits he has been drinking heavily for 45 days non-stop alone and with others. He knew he needs to cut down his intake but he just could not help himself to stop. He always needed a drink when he woke up in the morning to steady his nerves. Any stressful events would trigger him to drink, he described he has not been able to stop once he started. AB also experiences withdrawal symptoms (seizures, nausea, tremors, vomiting, insomnia) on abstinence. He smokes heavily 20 cigarettes per day for 16 years and does not plan to stop. AB has history of Solpadol addiction but he denies any drugs use on admission. Family History: AB parents live in a small town. He has one sister living in the other part of the country. His mother has history of depression and his father is currently sick. He was not happy with his family condition having that his father is sick and could not be able to take care of his mother. AB states he did not really get support from his family and friends. Only his aunt and his sister came to visit him in hospital, his parents never came. There is no history of alcohol or drug abuse in his family. Personal History: AB could not remember if he has any pre-natal or obstetric complications. He denies any developmental delay and was getting on well in school. He completed his Junior Certificate and Leaving Cert but he did not be able to go to universities due to his drinking problem. Pre-morbid Personality: AB described himself as an outgoing person and very friendly. He never had difficulties getting along with people and enjoys being surrounded by others. Progress in Hospital: I met AB few times in the unit I could see he was improving well. He is currently undergoing detox. AB socialized well in the unit, he was observed playing pool with fellow patients and interact well with them. He at times complains about headache and lower back pain. He admits having low mood and low energy first few days of admission. He also complains about not being able to sleep at night. Medications: Librium 40mg tds x 5/7 Zopiclone PRN Paracetamol PRN Lyrica Lithium Quetiapine Sodium Valproate AB went to art and craft class and related well with the staffs and other patient. His mood seems to be improving throughout the weeks but his withdrawal symptoms still evident. Mental State Examination (a week after admission): Physical examination: Formulation: Demographic Details: Single, 33 year-old, unemployed man. Summary: Alcohol abuse for 14 years Best friend died of car crash 14 years ago, a friend committed suicide early this year, broke up with girlfriend 3 months ago. Got fired recently, social welfare funding stopped. Differential diagnosis: Severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms (ICD F32.2) is the most likely diagnosis. AB has all the somatic features of depression upon admission and he has suicidal ideation, which he thought of jumping in front of the train to end his life. Acute stress reaction (ICD F43.0) was excluded based on the histories and investigations because the onset needs to be within few minutes after the impact of the stressor. Acute stress reaction will resolve immediately within few hours to 3 days(1). Post-traumatic stress disorder (ICD F43.1) could be a possible cause since depression, insomnia, suicidal ideation and excessive use of alcohol are commonly associated with this disorder. However AB does not meet the diagnostic guidelines of post-traumatic stress disorder in addition of trauma, there must be repetitive, intrusive recollection, or re-enactment of the event in memories, daytime imagery, or dreams(1). Adjustment disorder (ICD F43.2) could also be a possible cause having had he just lost his friend, girlfriend and his job but it could not be specified just yet as adjustment disorder does not last more than 6 months(1). Mental and behavioural disorder due to use of alcohol (ICD F10) could also be the likely cause because AB has been having chronic alcohol abuse since 2004. This satisfied criteria of dependence syndrome in which describe in ICD-10 as â€Å"cluster of physiological, behavioural, and cognitive phenomena in which the use of a substance or a class of substances takes on a much higher priority for a given individual than other behaviours that once had greater value. A central descriptive characteristic of the dependence syndrome is the desire (often strong, sometimes overpowering) to take psychoactive drugs (which may or may not have been medically prescribed), alcohol, or tobacco. There may be evidence that return to substance use after a period of abstinence leads to a more rapid reappearance of other features of the syndrome than occurs with nondependent individuals(1).† Aetiology: AB’s mother has history of depression. His family has not getting on very well since his father went sick for the past years until now. His best friend died in a car crash few years back and another friend committed suicide early this year. His girlfriend just broke up with him 3 months ago. AB has been losing so many people in his life lately. He just got fired and his social welfare was stopped. His drinking problem just gotten worse and he just could not find the way out of his problem. Investigation and Management: Urea and electrolytes Urea – 8.5 mmol/L Creatinine –101 ÃŽ ¼mol/L Sodium – 134 mmol/L Potassium – 4.2 mmol/L Chloride – 90 mmol/L Protein – nil Endocrinology TFT – normal LFT’s ALT – 153 IU/L GGT – 213 U/L FBC WCC – 14.7 x 109/L Plt – 445 x 109/L Neutrophil – 10.5 x 109/L CRP – 0.7 mg/L Hb – 14.0 g/dl Awaiting MSV/CSV Medications: Librium 40mg tds x 5/7 Zopiclone PRN Paracetamol PRN Lyrica Lithium Quetiapine Sodium Valproate AB was on Librium detox for 5 days, the aim is to support him through detox and maintain abstinence of alcohol. He keeps on complaining about his past and how he regrets it. Support and therapeutic listening time (reassurance) was given to improve his mood to optimal mental state and reduce his suicidal ideation. Since AB has poor coping skills outside hospital, his consultant discussed to him about the plan to get him a place for rehab for a residential programme. AB was very keen for that but in order to do that, there are few things that need to be done beforehand. He needs to be detoxed off Librium or any antipsychotic medications. Supporting letter from his consultant is needed to put him forward for 30 days Residential Programme. After that, they will set an assessment date and AB could possibly get HSE funding and keep his social welfare benefits. Discussion: Based on the history and examination, I think the diagnosis would be severe depressive episode without psychotic symptoms along with alcohol abuse. AB was coping with recent bereavement, work loss and money crisis. He has all the somatic features listed in ICD-10 F.32 with mark loss of appetite, low mood and reduced energy for more than two weeks accompanied by reduced concentration and attention, idea of guilt and unworthiness, pessimistic view of the future, and suicidal ideation(1). The diagnosis of alcohol abuse is made based on all the criteria given in ICD-10 F10 F1x.2Dependence Syndrome. AB satisfied all the criteria given which are; â€Å"(a) A strong desire to take the substance. (b) Difficulties in controlling substance-taking behaviour in terms of its onset, termination, or levels of use. (c) A physiological withdrawal state (see F1x.3 and F1x.4) when substance use has ceased or been reduced, as evidenced by: the characteristic withdrawal syndrome for the substance; or use of the same (or a closely related) substance with the intention of relieving or avoiding withdrawal symptoms. (d) Evidence of tolerance, such that increased doses of the psychoactive substance are required in order to achieve effects originally produced by lower doses. (e) Progressive neglect of alternative pleasures or interests because of psychoactive substance use, increased amount of time necessary to obtain or take the substance or to recover from its effects. (f) Persisting with substance use despite clear evidence of overtly harmful consequences, such as harm to the liver through excessive drinking, depressive mood states consequent to periods of heavy substance use, or drug-related impairment of cognitive functioning; efforts should be made to determine that the user was actually, or could be expected to be, aware of the nature and extent of the harm(1).† I would say AB is trying to cope by taking alcohols to escape from his negative emotions and in turned being dependant on it. The risk of alcohol abuse is four times higher among persons with major depressive disorder than among those who do not suffer from this condition. Studies also shown that patient with dual diagnosis tend to have high risk of suicide or tempted suicide which justify his condition(2). AB has good insight about his condition which is very helpful in his prognosis. All he needs for him to get better is a strong motivation and good social support as well as family support(3). In this case, Hope House residential programme is a suitable place for him to undergo his rehab as their aim is to help people become abstinent from mood-altering substances and behaviours and improve the quality of their lives.The programme at Hope House is also designed so that residents learn to become responsible for their own recovery(4). In relation to his depression, antidepressant is the mainstay treatment for severe episodes, and it is proven that relapse is reduced if it is continued for six months after the end of the episode(5). Given that AB has suicidal ideation, it is important to have an on-going risk assessment in his management plan given that suicide is more common with people who suffer deppressive episode, alcohol dependence, and largely associated with lack of employment including both unemployment and retirement(6). References: 1.WHO. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: WHO; [cited 2014]. Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines]. Available from: http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/bluebook.pdf. 2.Katheleen Wadell ISrt. Nurses experiences of caring for patients with a dual diagnosis of depression and alcohol abuse in a general psychiatric setting. 2007;2014. 3.Basant K. Puri IHT. Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Carole McMurray HL, editor. Textbook of Psychiatry. Third ed: Churchill Livingstone; 2011. p. 126. 4.House H. Hope House [cited 2014]. Available from: http://hopehousemayo.com/?page_id=23. 5.Basant K. Puri IHT. Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Carole McMurray HL, editor. Textbook of Psychiatry. Third ed: Churchill Livingstone; 2011. p. 157. 6.Basant K. Puri IHT. Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Carole McMurray HL, editor. Textbook of Psychiatry. Third ed: Churchill Livingstone; 2011. p. 166.

Failure of the Legal System in Atonement, Wonder Boys and The Round Hou

The code of Hammurabi, dating back to 1772 BC, is one of the oldest recorded legal codes and reflects the early Babylonians’ views of justice. The code is best known for â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth.† By enumerating punishments for certain crimes the code removes ambiguity and combined with its relatively harsh penalties, especially on lower class citizens, served as an effective deterrent. More profoundly however, Hammurabi’s code formally shifted justice-seeking responsibilities from the individual to the state. Today, most modern legal systems are structured similarly to Hammurabi’s code with their own codified laws and listed punishments. Capital punishment and the idea that â€Å"the punishment should fit he crime† are derivatives from the ancient text that are widespread in the world today. Hammurabi’s code however was not without fault. Pervasive throughout the archetype of modern law are inequitable punishments determined by one’s social standing. For example, the 8th law of Hammurabi’s code states, â€Å"If any one steel cattle or sheep, or an ass, or a pig or a goat, if it belong to a god or to the court, the thief shall pay thirtyfold therefore; if they belonged to a freed man of the king he shall pay tenfold; if the thief has nothing with which to pay he shall be put to death† (King). Both the social standing of the violator and the victim of the crime played a large role in determining what the penalty would be. Today, our view of justice has ostensibly metamorphosed, to the extent that most people today would recognize that the 8th law from Hammurabi’s code was prejudiced and wrong. Although some may wish to remove themselves from such an unjust system, the reality is that we are not far from it. The mode... ...sity, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. . Lee, Jaeah, and Brett Bownell. "Charts: Why You're in Deep Trouble If You Can't Afford a Lawyer." Mother Jones. Mother Jones, 1 July 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. . McEwan, Ian. Atonement: A Novel. New York: N.A. Talese/Doubleday, 2002. Print. Stevenson, Bryan. "We Need to Talk about an Injustice." TED: Ideas worth Spreading. TED Talks, Mar. 2012. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. Wright, Paul. "Prison Legal News - Legal Articles, Cases and Court Decisions." Prison Legal News. Prison Legal News, n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2013. .

Communication Challenges to Modern Day Business Essay

Communication is defined as the process of transferring information and meaning between senders and receivers, using one or more written, oral, visual or electronic channels. Simply put, communication is the exchange of information between people. It is important to get feedback from your audience and vice versa for the process of communication to take place effectively. The feedback can be either positive or negative. It is any communication used in an organization with an intention to promote a product, improve service or with the intention to make a sale. This type of communication also occurs within the organization between the management and employees. It has purpose and a lot of attention is given to the details. Business communication has undergone a lot of transformation as a result of the growth of information technology that has changed the whole concept of communication. In the past, businesses had a model of communication that left very little room for interaction and conversation with the receiver of the message. Currently the model that works and is now used by most organisations is one that gives room to both conversation and interaction with the receivers. Communication is very vital in any organization. Like blood in our bodies, it is the channel that gives life to the organisation and without it, organisations would not be functional. Effective communication plays a significant role in the success of the business, as communication works to send information, control behavior and motivate workers. Today there are many more ways to communicate than there were just a few years ago and access to communication devices is almost universal in most businesses. Good communication means the intended message that is send is received by a group of audience without any distortions in meaning. This definition applies to not only personal communication among friends or relatives, but to business situations where you may be communicating with a co-worker one-on-one or in a meeting with several or more people. The key here is clarity Communication is also almost instantaneous. Good business communication is simple and easily understood, a rule often overlooked by managers and team members. This is especially important when preparing a document, speech or presentation that is a game-changer for the company. Simple and concise language wins over language that is obtuse and hard to understand. Business communication defines most organizations, resulting in effective marketing campaigns, productive interpersonal relationships among co-workers and successful customer service resolutions. Since audiences demand different kinds of communications in different situations and settings, effective business communication professionals understand how to tailor messages for maximum results. Several communication challenges exist within day-to-day business operations, especially with technology. Technology benefits organizational communication by lifting communication restrictions caused by time and distance. At the same time, the removal of time and distance as communication factors has led to the challenges of information overload and constant accessibility. The issue of constant accessibility has led to blurring of the lines between personal and professional lives. There are several barriers: Emotion serves as an obstacle to effective communication, as emotion can interfere with making rational decisions. Differences in culture can be a communication challenge for international businesses. Not understanding the language and customs of other cultures can lead to poor sales and public relation disasters. There are a number of recognised barriers in the modern day communication, many of which go unnoticed, that can and do effect the standards of communication a person feels comfortable with. Physical barriers are often down to the nature of the environment in which communication may take place but are not always interpreted by the recipient in the correct manor. For example an office door being closed could signify to a co-worker that someone does not want to be bothered, or is possibly in a bad mood, whereas the occupant of the office could have possibly closed the door due to a breeze or didn’t close the door them self at all. This is an example of misinterpretation of actions brought about by the physical barrier of the door. Barriers like this can often present the risk of a ripple effect; in that the barrier in this situation could damage the recipients’ perception of the source by making the recipient feel outcast or shut out by the inhabitant of the office, which would set up the standings of a bad communicative relationship. Issues in communication can be disturbed when the basic mechanics of the communication method are damaged directly.

Three Worlds, One Family essays

Three Worlds, One Family essays All over the world there are people of different cultures, colors, and beliefs. Some that are alike and some that are different. Although the world is full of different and unique people there are some cultural universals. Cultural universals are something all cultures possess. Three cultures, Yanomamo, Mbuti Pygmies, and the Inuit Eskimos have cultural universals. Understanding these cultures can be a difficult task, but with the knowledge of these cultural universals; economics, communication, and technology, understanding these three culture similarities and differences can be effortless. First of all, all cultures have an economic system. Though each system is slightly different each of the three cultures have one. The Yanomamo system includes a trading system within their groups. They only work up to three hours daily. The Mbuti Pygmies on the other hand trade with other tribes of other cultures. They use the forest for their materials for trade. The Inuit Eskimos also use other tribes to trade with. However these tribes are of the modern world. Trade is the foundation of these cultures economic systems and as much as they are different the all depend on their own system to survive. Secondly, every person in the world a has some way to communicate with another person. Whether you are English, German, Polish, deaf, blind, or unable to speak there is a way you can communicate. Every culture has their unique language. Body language, written language, or spoken languages are some examples. The Yanomamo speak with a cobari dialect. Their language is special to their culture it is called yanomam. The Mbuti Pygmies also have their own special language. The interesting fact about the Pygmies is that each individual tribes of their culture has a different languages, which can be understood by all groups of Pygmies. The Inuit Eskimos have a language called Evenk. An intriguing fact about the name Eskimos...

Fast Food Essay Example

Fast Food Essay Example Fast Food Paper Fast Food Paper Schlossers Fast Food Nation as released by Penguin books really made a great impact to the fast food industry. McDonalds marketing strategy is one of the main arguments presented in the book and how it changed the view of people towards fast food. The ideas of the author were closely dissected in every chapter and supported with factual evidences. Basically the book revolves in fast food, the values it embodies and the world it has made (Schlosser, 2002, p. 3). There is really something humane about the book that made it more interesting. Values of Americans were also explained in the book so that it will not appear that the topic only focuses on flaws and features of Americans unwillingness to change their marketing strategy. There are several points in the book that gives credit to positive American Traits. Marketing Strategy of MacDonald’s strategy was changed completely when readers came to discover the bad facts about health involvement of The Golden Achers in relation to its customer’s nutritional needs. American values being traditional that is why they came to develop and motivate marketing strategies of doing whatever it takes to make it big in the fast food industry. Most of Americans tends to loose the resistance over fast food since this has become part of their tradition that they cannot go against with. MacDonald’s marketing strategy can be admirable in the sense of profitability it always tries its best to giving delicious food to millions of customers. : Second. fast nutrient companies are intentionally aiming kids as they are easy marks to travel after. Kelly Brownell. the writer of Are Children Prey for Fast Food Companies? says how Happy Meals from McDonalds are served with playthings. These playthings are advertised and are served with low alimentary nutrient. Only 12 of 3. 039 possible kids’ repast combinations run into nutrition standards for kindergartners. However. if fast nutrient companies would function healthier nutrients to kids. like fruits and milk. the statistics would increase. Besides. these nutrients are high in sugar. and fat. Ultimately. companies aiming kids with unhealthy nutrient and playthings can take to a higher rate of kids being corpulent or diabetic. Queerly plenty. fast nutrient miming fast insouciant topographic points may really be better and healthier due to its freshman ingredients. Julie Jargon writes the article. Fast Food Aspires to Fast Casual’ ; and she states that fast nutrient eating houses are up scaling their nutrient. In the hope of appealing to more-sophisticated consumers. fast-food ironss are traveling beyond simple cheeseburgers and greaser. adding fancy ingredients such as portabella mushrooms. citrus-herb marinated poulet. and pepper bacon. This ascent may be pulling more clients to the fast nutrient industry. but they will be attracted to healthier nutrients. Therefore. it may non be every bit much as a taking cause as of fleshiness as other things. In decision. fast nutrient companies have changed America for the worse over the class of a few old ages. Fast nutrient topographic points largely have high fat and low alimentary part sizes that shouldn’t be eaten day-to-day. Families shouldn’t eat fast nutrients every bit much as they think they should. and alternatively should ensue in eating healthier. freshman merchandises. Options to fast nutrient topographic points may dramatically diminish fleshiness in America. America’s fleshiness epidemic may be led by the fast nutrient industries.

What were the aims of Gregory of Tours 'History of the Franks' Essay

What were the aims of Gregory of Tours 'History of the Franks' - Essay Example As a youth, Gregory lived with his uncles Nicetius and Archdeacon Avitus who later became bishop of Lyons and bishop of Clermont respectively. His education was in church schools and primarily limited to a study of the scripture. In fact, he was educated by his own uncle Gallus, who was the Bishop of Clermont. 1Platts points out that â€Å"Gregory distinguished himself so much by his learning and virtue, that in 573, he was chosen bishop of Tours†. Gregory had already been ordained a deacon by 565. He was chosen to succeed Eufronius, his mother’s cousin as the nineteenth bishop of tours in 573. After being chosen bishop of Tours, Gregory went to Rome where he visited the tombs of various Apostles and cultivated friendship with Gregory the Great. Gregory’s life being a bishop was not easy. Despite being the site of the fourth-century bishop of Tours, it was also a territory accustomed to conflicts between the kings of Frank such as Sigibert and Chilperic. In 585, Gregory was opposed by a coalition formed by a section of the Touraine clergy, the enemies of the Austrasian family and the count of the city. During this time Touraine was being disputed by Merovingian princes. Despite being a person who respected authority, Gregory got involved in these political quarrels as he attempted to defend the rights of Saint Martin. However, he had more quite relations with successors of Chilperic. Although he could not maintain his authority in a province divided among a number of different kingdoms, he did new things in Tours and prolonged Saint Martin’s authority. Gregory died in Tours on November 17 in 593 or 594. By the time of his death, he had made many accomplishments among them being the work of rebuilding Tours cathedral as well as improving its collection of relic materials. There have been various debates in the past on Gregory’s aim for writing the history of the Franks. To begin with, the title ‘history of the Franks†™ gives an impression that his work is primarily based on history. Anyone who reads the title will believe that the principle behind the work is the history of the Merovingian and Frankish kingdoms, their kings and successors. In fact, the topics range from attempts by Clovis to eliminate Frankish kings who were his rivals. He also gives accounts of natural disasters that characterised his times like the cataclysmic floods. However, Gregory’s intention was not to write a political history but rather to intertwine both ecclesiastical and secular history in order to pass his message. The word history is contrary to what Gregory wanted to convey in his work the history of the Franks. But for Gregory and other ancient writers such as Herodotus the word Historiae is used to refer to an account of witnessed events rather than events heard of. In fact, six among the ten books Gregory wrote revolve around his own times. In book one, Gregory goes back to the creation of man, some ev ents in the Old Testament and ends with the death of bishop Martin of Tours. In book two he discusses the disputes that took place between early Frankish kings and ends with Clovis’s death. In book three, he discusses the fortunes of Clovis’s sons and from the fourth book; he discusses his early life, family and events during his times. Gregory wrote the history of the Franks; the lives of the saints among other works. He remains one of the most gifted and creative writers of the middle ages. He is also one of the most prominent early medieval sacred biographers. Through his work, the history of the Franks Gregory reveals the political turmoil’

Energy Conservation Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Energy Conservation - Lab Report Example The output graph 2 for kinetic energy and potential energy vs time is attached herein, for oscillating mass on a spring. The graph is in such way that the curve for potential energy and kinetic energy intersect each other at a particular point, which is consistent. The point at which the two are the same for all the data is 0.5, which is the arbitrary reference level used to measure the y coordinate. Further, it is also worth noting from the graph that at the point where kinetic energy is maximum, the potential energy is found to be at its minimum. There are few uncertainties, as shown by the number of outliers, leading to the conclusion that the experiment was accurate. Part 1 shows that there is conservation of energy in swinging pendulum. This is confirmed by the graph which indicates that at the point when potential energy is highest, the kinetic energy becomes zero. This is an indication that at this point, for the swinging pendulum, all the kinetic energy is converted to potential energy. At the lowest point of the swing, the potential energy is zero while the kinetic energy is at its highest (Teodorescu 11). This also applies to part 2, indicating that there is energy conservation in an oscillating mass on a spring. When the spring is fully stretched, the change in potential energy becomes highest because of increase in length while the kinetic energy remains at zero. In which case, when the y is increased, the kinetic energy reduces to zero while the potential energy rise to maximum. To confirm energy conservation, computing mechanical energy for these systems at various points indicated that the answer remained constant for the various data . Further, for the shot basketball, in part 3, the experiment was successful in confirming the energy conservation witnessed by a basketball. The conservation was confirmed when the ball was dropped from a certain height and bounced back to that similar height. However,

Capital structure of CVS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital structure of CVS - Essay Example Therefore, equity financing effectively increases the weighted average cost of capital. 3. Schedule out & calculate EVA. Is it good or bad and what brings EVA up & down for CVS There are various ways of measuring a firm's performance. One way is to use accounting measures such as return on equity, return on assets, etc. Another way is to use market measures and determine the firm's performance by looking at the stock's value. These measures, however, do not provide an effective evaluation of firm performance. One such measure that determines the true value-creating performance of a firm is Economic Vale Added (EVA) analysis. This analysis attempts to determine the net contribution to value by a company's investment decisions which other measures fail to provide. This means the after-tax returns of the company should exceed the cost of capital invested. EVA is calculated as follows: EVA = (ROIC - WACC) x Invested Capital Formula for Return on Invested Capital (ROIC): ROIC = Net Income / Liabilities + Shareholders Equity ROIC for CVS = 11.4% Invested Capital = market capitalization = 262,500,000 (common stock * share price) EVA for CVS is: 7,875,000 EVA is dependent on return on invested capital as well as the cost of capital. Higher ROIC and a lower cost of capital can increase EVA significantly. 4. Look at EVA & how do you need to change bank statements to create the best capital structure An EVA of 7,875,000 means this is the net contribution to value added by the company's investment decisions. Higher EVA can alter the capital structure by increasing the proportion of equity to debt. However, every company has a target in terms of maintaining... Weighted average cost of capital is the discount rate used to convert expected future cash flow into present value for all investors. Using the book value of debt and equity, CVS is 26.2% financed by debt and 73.8% financed by equity1. Cost of equity can be calculated using the capital asset pricing model. There are various ways of measuring a firm’s performance. One way is to use accounting measures such as return on equity, return on assets, etc. Another way is to use market measures and determine the firm’s performance by looking at the stock’s value. These measures, however, do not provide an effective evaluation of firm performance. One such measure that determines the true value-creating performance of a firm is Economic Vale Added (EVA) analysis. This analysis attempts to determine the net contribution to value by a company’s investment decisions which other measures fail to provide. This means the after-tax returns of the company should exceed the cost of capital invested. EVA is calculated as follows: Look at EVA & how do you need to change bank statements to create the best capital structure? An EVA of 7,875,000 means this is the net contribution to value added by the company’s investment decisions. Higher EVA can alter the capital structure by increasing the proportion of equity to debt. However, every company has a target in terms of maintaining an optimal capital structure that minimizes cost of capital and maximizes shareholder wealth. A higher equity and lower debt in the capital structure substantiates.

Coach Carter Essay Example for Free

Coach Carter Essay 1.Coach Carter shows many qualities of different styles of leader ship throughout the movie. At the start when Ken first sees the basketball team he takes an autocratic style of coaching them. An autocratic coaching is where the coach has complete power over the team. Team members have little opportunity to put forward ideas or make suggestions. The benefit of this approach of leadership by Coach Carter is that it was incredibly efficient and his decisions are made quickly and the work gets done. This is displayed in the film effectively when he first walks into the gym and states that they must abide by this contract if they want to be apart of the team. Coach carter expresses his personal expectations and intent. â€Å"You can push up or shut up† he says to the team. This shows his autocratic coaching style in the film. Another important aspect of Coach Carter’s leadership style was respect. He stated that in order to gain respect they needed to give some. If this did not work with the players in the team, Coach Carter would have given up on his team, and would have left them with our victory. If there was no great success there was no point for the autocratic style of coaching, as the players would not bother putting up with the hard coaching sessions. Coach Carter shows a very caring attitude towards the players. He wants them to do well on the court and off. This the key to the autocratic style of coaching Ken delivers. The contract ken makes them sign says they must maintain a C+ in all classes and they have to sit in the front row of the class. If the team doses not abide by the contract they will not play. This is an autocratic style of coaching the team but realistically it’s for the best, he’s thinking of the teamâ₠¬â„¢s future in basketball and giving them opportunities academically. Through out the film Coach Carter says â€Å"to the base line† and blows his whistle. The coach makes the boys do 20 suicides and 250 push ups if they want to be apart of the team. This demonstrates his take and autocratic style of coaching. The discipline that he gives the players through his autocratic coaching makes them become men and be winners. Coach Carter sets out to change the attitudes of the team and performance. Carter immediately imposes a strict regime that includes written contracts, stipulations for being respectful, dress codes and good grades. He cancels all the teams’ activities and locks them out of the gym until the team shows improvement in there grades. These actions provide the evidence of an autocratic coaching style. He fights to keep his methods and determined to show the boys that they need to rely on more than sports for there futures. Coach Carter’s autocratic style of coaching keeps the team working well together. Coach Carter is and autocratic coach but his methods and techniques are in the best interest of the boys that he teaches to be men. This coaching style his expressed all throughout the film but Carter also infuses this style with his own style that makes him a good coach for the basketball team. 2.To be an effective coach you need to poses qualities such as listening, questioning, constructively challenging, holding to account, seeing different perspectives, encouraging and supporting, trusting the team and also focusing on the team. Coach Carter has very effective characteristics that a successful coach must have, this includes his duty. He is a proficient leader and knows when to take charge and give the teams tasks to complete. Carter gives the team a plan to accomplish the objectives. Another effective characteristic that Ken demonstrates is his ability to make sound and timely decisions. Such as when he gives the team push ups, suicides. Also when he straight away gets to the point and states the contract the team must follow. Carter also maintains the situation and shows awareness in order to anticipate needed actions. Ken also has a quality to improvise to handle the changing situation such as when he locks the team out of the gym due to there poor grades or when he hypes them up during a game and gives the tips and motivation talks. Qualities that a good coach much posses are qualities like Ken Carter. He ensures that the task is understood, supervised and accomplished. To do this he clearly states his expectations, such as the contract he gives them to sign and follow if they want to play. Ken also considers the teams development needs, such as maintaining a 2,3 in there academic studies and also ensuring that they will be winners regardless the outcome of the game, like when they just loose the final match. A good quality that Coach Carter has is his respect for the players and his term of the word respect. When Ken Carter took on the responsibility of coaching this team it was clear that he was more4 concerned with the people under his care that winning games. This shows a great amount of respect for the players and in the journey the players come to respect him for it. When Coach Carter cared about the future of the people in this team, the team became winners and not often are the coaches that set there sights on winning and influencing the lives of there student athletes. I remember from the film Carter speaks with the tem about the insulting use of â€Å"nigger†. He says â€Å"has some self respect†. The mock the coach by saying â€Å"God aint in this neighbourhood† because his appealing nature towards the team as a man of respect. Also qualities that Ken has is Building the team. He conducts frequent debriefings and gives feedback to identify things learned. If the team hasn’t done something or not doing something correctly he will blow the whistle and stop them bring them in an talk with them. He also has a quality of discipline although it mite not seen equal at times, such as when he makes Timo do something like 1500 push ups and like 1000 suicides, but this makes the team realise that he is serious and he’s not mucking around. A great aspect of Coach Carter’s leadership is his integrity, which all good coaches must have. He knows what he must do and knows himself to build the team, provide drills, activities and feedback. He seeks responsibility and accepts responsibility for him self and the team’s actions like when they are not keeping up with the grades in class. He corrects poor team performance and looks to strive to become a better team. Coach Carter also sets and example for the team, he doesn’t show discouragement when he faces setbacks such as when the parents and teachers hold a meeting about him closing the gym and vote for him to leave the job as a coach, he sticks to his methods which a correct and doesn’t back down. Ken has earnt the respect of the players as we see when they are waiting in the gym with there desks and school work in front of them because they know this is the way fro a better team. Ken also chooses the difficult over the easy which is a good quality, he makes the team put in the hard yards, but the result is them feeling good about them selves with a sense of achievement. 3. A quote from Coach Carter is â€Å"you will have my respect until you abuse it†. I think this idea of respect within thee team is a great motivation technique. The team doesn’t fully understand at the start but it grows within the team and they become winners and motivated to do so. Coach Carter dose everything he can to insure a promising future for his basketball players, against all odds. The team can see this and this motivates them to become better students, athletes and overall better people. They can see that the coach is putting in a great effort so they should do the same they follow his example and I think they start to look up to there coach. At the star even though he is without support he refuses to give in to the system that sidelines the players with prison, drugs and alcohol. Instead he pushes the team, pushes there grim statistics that he always give to them and faces them to meet his expectations as motivation. His tough attitude towards the team becomes very motivational for the team and they eventually acknowledge the benefits of his ways. Coach Carter preaches respect, dignity and manners. He calls his players â€Å"sir†, treats them as adults with responsibilities often giving the benefit of the doubt and expects the same attitude in return. His emphasis on living and playing like champions is hammered home. The team becomes motivated by Carters words and actions. They can see that he is doing this for them and gives them something to strive for in the future, gives them motivation to do all the hard work. I think something that motivates the team is there self achievement, when they can see that Carters method \s are making them champions the team motivates them selves and work to be better men.

Mildred Pierce Summary, Character Analysis, and Opinion :: essays research papers

Summary: Mildred Pierce, by James M. Cain, begins in pre-Depression California, and ends during World War II times, also in California. The main character, Mildred Pierce, is a very attractive housewife of 29, raising two daughters, Ray and Veda. Although Mildred loves both her daughters, Veda is a particular obsession with Mildred. She constantly slaves away throughout the novel to do whatever she can to make Veda happy, despite the constant abuse and deception Veda inflicts upon Mildred. After a divorce from her first husband, Bert, in the opening pages of the novel, Mildred is forced to sacrifice her pride and become a waitress in order to support her family. If Veda were ever to find out, she would be appalled; a constantly recurring theme throughout this story is Veda’s pride and arrogance, and her condemnation of jobs she deems to be menial. Mildred’s main goal is to nurture Veda’s musical talents, and manages to pay for expensive music lessons from her meager salar ies as a waitress and pie baker. However, Mildred’s luck is soon to change, as she takes up with an attorney and former partner of Bert, Wally. Mildred is able to use Wally’s business and real estate savvy to build a restaurant out of a deserted model home, and from there create a thriving chain of three food businesses. After becoming bored with Wally, however, Mildred craves a relationship with another man, a prestigious local man named Monty. Veda highly approves of her mother’s choice, as this makes her feel as if she too were more prestigious and affluent, despite having misgivings about her mother still being so low as to have an average, pedestrian job. All seems to be going well; even through Veda’s constant demands and tantrums, she still gets everything she wants, and Mildred and Monty are happy. Monty, however, falls on hard times with the coming of the Great Depression, and he constantly mooches off of Mildred’s affluence, making it a s truggle for Mildred to cater to Veda’s every whim. Mildred soon dumps Monty to focus on making Veda a musical prodigy; this fails, however, when Veda is told that her piano is not up to par from a local famous music teacher. After Veda recovers from this shock, she explores the opportunities offered by an acting career, and begins to spin more webs of deception and selfishness. After Veda forces money out of a local rich family, lying and claiming their son got her pregnant, Mildred and Veda have a major argument, and Veda disowns her mother.

What are the different forms of aid given by more economically :: Economics

What are the different forms of aid given by more economically developed countries (MEDCs) to less economically developed countries (LEDCs)? Explain how useful the aid is and evaluate why some aid is more successful than other aid. What are the different forms of aid given by more economically developed countries (MEDCs) to less economically developed countries (LEDCs)? Explain how useful the aid is and evaluate why some aid is more successful than other aid. Hafiza Bhabha 11 JT =================== Aid many less developed countries (LEDCs) rely on aid. In the Oxford dictionary aid is defined as, --------------------------------------------------------------------- "Something that helps, money, food, etc. ---------------------------------------- Sent to another country to help it" ------------------------------------ Aid is not only given by countries (governments) but is also given by organisations which help a certain place or fund a certain project, such as Oxfam who helps those children in Africa. The real purpose of giving aid is to help those countries that need to develop their economy so that they can improve their standard of living and quality of living. At times giving and receiving aid is complex, as it may not benefit the country, as it could be unsuccessful. Many developing countries need aid because they may have large and increasing trade debts, unfortunately they need to borrow money from MEDCs, however, sometimes by doing this, they fall into bigger, more dangerous debts. Other issues such as earthquakes, volcanoes, etc, also lead countries to borrow more money. This aid is usually only needed for a short period of time. Short-term aid is aid, which is given immediately and is only needed for a small amount of time. This is used with natural disasters and wars etc. Long-term aid is also a different type of giving. This is more useful to a developing country as there is always money, technology and other aid coming in. The aim of this coursework is to investigate what the different types of aids are and also whether they are successful or unsuccessful. In this coursework I have used secondary information. This is basically information that has already been collected. I have researched a lot from the town library, school library, magazines, Internet and many school textbooks. There are three main categories of aid, which is given by MEDCs to LEDCs and they are: Bilateral Aid This aid is between two different countries. "Help is 'given' directly by a rich 'donor' country to the 'recipient' country" (The New Wider World- School Textbook) the reason why the word given is in quotation marks s simply because there are usually conditions attached to the aid, such as the country may not allow the other country to trade with anyone else.

South African Economy

From the days of Apartheid, to the times of today, South Africa has relied on foreign capital inflow for the purpose of sustaining high levels of growth through investment in the various sectors of the country. This great reliance on foreign investment has made South Africa vulnerable to fluctuations in the exchange rate and other global conditions. This essay will discuss the extent to which South Africa is reliant on foreign capital, reasons why this is so and the nature of these inflows.Exchange rate issues will also be discussed, with detail of how South Africa combated these issues in the various years that they arouse. Finally, methods on how South Africa can reduce its vulnerability to such fluctuations will be made apparent. South Africa’s reliance on foreign capital inflow After the end of The Apartheid era and the abolishment of all laws that were associated with the era, the various international sanctions and bands that were put on South Africa were lifted. This al lowed numerous countries to begin investing in South Africa.These foreign capital inflows were greatly needed by the South African economy as the new government had the following economic goals: â€Å"Attract foreign capital, reduce the large role of government as government owns half the countries fixed capital assets and facilitate gradual restructuring of industry along globally competitive lines† (Germishuis, 1999: 2). The two latter goals could only be achieved through proper financing for the government. During the 1994 era, domestically raised capital could not be used for the financing of local investment initiatives that promote economic growth.As Mohr (2003: 2) states, â€Å"Between January 1990 and June 1994, there was a steady net outflow of capital not related to reserves of almost R27 billion, partly as a result of repayments of foreign debt emanating from the 1985 debt standstill arrangement†. This effectively meant that South Africa had very little fund s available for boosting the investment industry which in turn helps with the sustainability of high levels of economic growth. Due to these foreign debt payments by domestic funds, South Africa heavily relies on foreign capital inflows for high levels of investment.Since the government was obviously aware of this situation, various policies and acts were put into action to attract foreign investment. â€Å"In 1997, South Africa managed to attract a net capital inflow of $3. 58 billion (3. 4 percent of GDP), more than seven times the $478 million invested in 1996. The inflow was predominantly long-term private capital, moving into stock and bond markets†(Germishuim, 1999: 1). Though the government was successful in attracting foreign capital inflows, a decrease in the domestic interest rate is eminent when capital inflows are high. From 1994 to 1999, net capital inflows in South Africa were on a steady rise for 3% of GDP in 1994 to a staggering 6. 5% of GDP in 1999† (Mo hamed, 2004: 28). Between 2000 and 2002, capital inflows fell to -2% of GDP. This was due to South Africa currency crisis in 2001 that led to high levels of capital flight in the country. After the new millennium, capital inflows in South Africa began to steadily rise and are now ranging between 4 and 7% of GDP. Exchange rate crisis of 1998 In 1997, East Asia experienced an exchange rate crisis. It is said that these countries were victims of their own success. Their very success led foreign investors to underestimate their underlying economic weaknesses†(IMF, 1998: 1). Because of large capital inflows that these economies enjoyed, there was increased demand for policies that protect the financial sector and institutions struggled to keep up with the demand. Since Asia is probably the largest exporter of goods in the world, a financial crisis in that region will evidently cause a ripple effect that will cause a global financial crisis. This Asia crisis added to what South Afri ca would have experienced the following year.In 1998, the South African currency dwelled into great depreciation. Causes of this crisis include: * Commodity prices * After the Asian financial crisis, the global demand for commodities had weakened, putting downward pressure on market prices of SA commodities. This meant a flight to safer havens such as United States commodities occurred. * Foreign Exchange Market intervention * In 1998 and 1996 as well, the South African Reserve Bank had heavily intervened in the foreign exchange market. These ventures resulted in net losses of $10 billion (8% GDP) and $14 billion (10% GDP) respectively.The capital for these ventures was acquired in the forward market, thus compromising SARB’s Net Open Forward position. * Mboweni Bump * 1998 saw the end term for the Governor of the Reserve Bank. The potential that Tito Mboweni might have left the position created doubt for South Africa and the Rand. (Saayman, 2007:1) To try and counter this cu rrency depreciation, the Reserve Bank believed that this depreciation was a temporary reaction to rumours of divisions within the government so they sold off massive amount of its foreign reserves (Diamond, Manning, Vasquez and Whitaker, 2003: 2).The Asia crisis, coupled by SA’s own currency issues led the exchange rate crisis. â€Å"The authorities reacted by intervention in reserves and then through raising of interest rates to stimulate growth. The policies implemented in 1998 did not solve the crisis but merely slowed down the process and created a false image. Yes the country did benefit through an increase in investment due to higher interest rates but paid the cost when the country was hit by another exchange rate crisis in 2001.The economy had to deal with the costs of increased debt, decreased capital inflows, which retards growth in the country. Exchange rate crisis of 2001 The Rand depreciated by 26% in nominal terms against the dollar in 2001 between September an d December. It is suggested that, â€Å"there was an acceleration in money growth in the summer of 2001, suggesting that the depreciation may have been a case of exchange rate overshooting† (Bhundia and Ricci, 2004: 1). Though this was the case, the South African Reserve Bank did not intervene or raise interest rates this time around (as was the case in 1998).Bhundia and Ricci (2004: 7-11) identify the following as probable cause of the 2001 financial crisis: * Delays in privatising Telkom * The SA government had announced that the privatisation of Telkom will happen in 2001 but this did not happen due to weakening global stock markets. This had a negative effect as it created doubt within the financial market of SA’s commitment to economic reform. * South African Reserve Bank’s Net open forward book * â€Å"The SARB’s forward book contained large short term liabilities.These low reserve adequacies have been found to increase the probability of exchange rate pressure (Bhundia and Ricci ,2004: 7). The forward book received from the Apartheid government was rather large and despite repayments made, the book remained huge. * Tightening of existing capital controls * The South African Reserve Bank announced on the 14th October 2001 that there would be a tightening of exchange rate controls. It was argued that, â€Å"this announcement reduced market liquidity and thereby contributed to the sharp rand depreciation† (Bhundia and Ricci, 2004: 8).Though market data cannot confirm this for sure, these actions and the time they were taken have an effect on the crisis of the time In 2001, the SA government and SARB decided to act differently than it did in 1998. The increase in interest rates of 1998 had limited effects on reducing depreciation and was seen to be costly for growth and investment. South Africa was less likely to be affected by fluctuations in the exchange rate as it did not hold large foreign currency.The South African g overnment decided not to intervene in interest rate percentages and reserve ratios. â€Å"The South African government have admitted that the 1998 intervention policy was inappropriate. When 2001 arrived, the intervention policy of 1998 was not used and that showed to be a very successful strategy as the macroeconomic reactions of the crisis were very few and over the next few years, the rand strengthened†(Bhundia and Ricci , 2004: 17). There was a large improvement in macroeconomic framework (policy), which made policy credibility stronger.The forward book that was utilised in 1998 was also abolished. â€Å"Also, the adoption of an inflation- targeting framework successfully provided a more credible nominal anchor for exchange rate expectations† (Bhundia and Ricci, 2004: 18). So effectively, the policy reactions of 2001 were more successful. Reduction of SA’s vulnerability to external shock SA is the economic powerhouse in Africa and hence needs measures that h elp reduce the effects of external shocks such as global financial crises.For this reduction to occur, certain conditions such as, â€Å"peace and security, quality institutions, infrastructure and support for the private sector must be in place† (UNECA, 2010: 11). With the above in place, South Africa should try and implement the following: * Provide sufficient policy space, so that policymakers can handle the shocks that are externally generated. * Improve the mobilization of domestic resources and encourage regional integration * Strengthen neighbouring country relations and cooperation * Increase private capital inflows Open new and improve existing markets * Heighten social safety nets that will minimise shocks effect on the poor * Investment in labour-intensive employment-focused public investment programmes that promote private sector growth. * Decrease the amount of debt owed The above mentioned points need to be encoded into policies that can be properly implemented by the government of South Africa and the South African Reserve Bank so as to reduce the vulnerability that SA has when it comes to external shocks. This objective has been achieved by South African economic policies.Monetary policies have been used to contain inflationary pressures and financial policies for the strengthening of public finance that will allow exchange rates that are competitive. In the February of 2000, an inflation targeting strategy was adopted that helped to regulate monetary growth within the economy. These policies have encouraged international competitiveness and assisted in the reduction of the current account deficit of 1999 (0. 4% of GDP), to 0. 3% of GDP in 2000 (IMF, 2001: 1). In 2006, real Gross domestic product grew by 5% and continued to grow into early 2007.During the start of the new millennium, the SARB publically announced that it would have a foreign market intervention policy that was used solely for boosting reserves. This new approach was succ essful because by 2007 May, gross reserves had reached $27,9 billion (IMF, 2007: 1). This shows that South Africa has been successful economic policies in place: policies that will combat external shock. A United Nations report places South Africa as one of the six oil importing nations that withstood the effects of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009.This was done through implementation of stimulus packages and affective countercyclical fiscal and monetary policies that encouraged expenditure on services and infrastructure (UNECA, 2010, 8). Conclusion The new South African government had to take the mess of the past and turn it into the message of the future. A message that says that anything is possible; all that is needed are the correct tools, used in the correct scenarios. With the various monetary and fiscal policies put into play in South Africa, I have no doubt that we are ready for the next global financial crisis.

I.T and E Commerce of Hospitality Industry The WritePass Journal

I.T and E Commerce of Hospitality Industry Introduction I.T and E Commerce of Hospitality Industry IntroductionInformation Technology Trends in HospitalityHospitality Organizations the InternetLeicester Marriott  Full Service LodgingSelect Service LodgingExtended Stay LodgingTimeshareTechnologies used at Marriott Hotel DifficultyConclusions Recommendations BibliographyRelated Introduction Here is an attempt to understand and explain the information systems which are been used and how they are useful to the company and what are the drawbacks of those systems, and also how they can try to solve those problems. Hospitality Industry is a very fast growing industry. Every organisation wants to retain and also attract new customers. Information technology used by the hotel is very much important and plays a major role in providing a competitive edge over the competitors. Information Technology Trends in Hospitality Hotel Industry places a great emphasis on the provision of quality service to their customers/guest. There is a great demand for information from customers and hospitality service provider so hotel industry stared adopting computer based IT facilities to enhance its operational efficiency, control and reduce costs, and improve service quality (Camison, 2000; Cobanoglu et al., 2001; Siguaw and Enz, 1999; van Hoof et al., 1996).   By investing   in the IT benefits the hotel by enabling the guest to have a better experience, and also the hotel staff to work more efficiently and effectively to better assist customers. Hospitality Organizations the Internet Many prime hospitality organizations such as IHG group, Marriott International, Royal Caribbean, Jurys Inn, Hyatt International, Ritz Carlton, Hilton Hotel are using internet facilities over the years and have been taking advantage of the Internet opportunity by fully implementing the latest technological systems within their organisations. A new Internet-based procurement system which is considered flexible and user friendly has been implemented by IHG group.   According to the Vice President of purchasing, Steve Shamion, it is important that the system is user friendly for a chief engineer, chef, housekeeper, etc.   As soon as IHG succeeded 500 hotels, it was necessary to get rid of the manual system.   Their main aim was to provide a new Intranet system with a web-based provider. The goal was to implement an Intranet system with a new web-based provider.   The e-mail system is currently functioning efficiently as it alerts purchasing agents to contact suppliers in every case where corporate revises a product.   The new system has enabled the IHG group for excellent quality control.   In this respect, IHG claims that they are able to obtain high quality products at low costs via the Internet. Marriott Hotel and resort has chosen the same Internet provider for its new procurement system. They are analyzing the mechanics of the system as well as the concept of electronic purchasing and the advantages that could be realized by Hotel.   One of the key elements of this research involves the â€Å"user friendliness† of the system.   Another concern is the connection factor.   The system must be reliable in connecting without failure.   The content is another very important requirement.   The suppliers must be able to easily find products on the site.   As for the overall costs involved in the implementation of such a system, it is still unclear.   On a positive note, both IHG and Marriott believe that they will be able to quantify the new system’s effects right away.   By tracking every purchase over the web, this will allow them to record their progress.   In the long-term, as one of the first movers in the hospitality industry, the prediction i s that the overall impact will be positive. Leicester Marriott Marriotts operations can be grouped into the following five business segments: Full-service lodging 65% Select-service lodging 11% Extended-stay lodging   5% Timeshare   15% Synthetic fuel   4% Marriott operates under various different brand of hotel like   Full Service Lodging Marriott Hotels Resorts JW Marriott Hotels Resorts Renaissance Hotels Ritz-Carlton BULGARI Hotels Resorts Autograph Collection Hotels Resorts Edition Hotels Resorts Marriott Conference Centres Courtyard by Marriott Fairfield Inn by Marriott Spring Hill Suites by Marriott Marriott Executive Stay Residence Inn by Marriott Towne Place Suites by Marriott Marriott Executive Apartments Marriott Vacation Club International  (MVCI) Marriott Grand Residence Club The Residences at the Ritz-Carlton The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club Select Service Lodging Extended Stay Lodging Timeshare Leicester Marriott Hotel Overview 227 Bedrooms Mixx Restaurant Tanners Bar Atrium Lounge 21 dedicated meeting rooms Leisure Club facilities Wireless LAN in public areas Car park 280 onsite spaces Marriott International, Inc. is a leading global lodging company that shapes and enables its business through an ambitious program of improvements in technology.   In the beginning of late 1990s, Marriott realized that to be competitive   and lead the future lodging market, it had to upgrade and fully integrate two of its most crucial systems: the Marriott automated Reservation system for Hotel accommodations (MaRsHa) and Marriott’s Internet technology platform, Marriott.com.   These systems, combined with Marriott’s key business and inventory applications and marketing and loyalty programs, comprise a global technology infrastructure that facilitated more than 69.5 million new reservations in 2005, averaging over 190,000 per day, while maintaining availability of better than 99.99 percent.   The updated infrastructure enabled 100 percent growth in Marriott.com sales from 2003 to 2005, logged single-day sales records of nearly $14 million, and led the industry i n online hotel room’s sales. In fact, Marriott’s seamless multi-brand, multi-channel integration enables the company to offer the industry’s only global rate guarantee, the Look No Further ® Best Rate Guarantee, stating that Marriott guests will always get the lowest available rate when booking through any Marriott channel worldwide.   It is a remarkable success story, demonstrating how aligning investments in technology infrastructure with business vision and strategy can enable extraordinary business results and how Marriott leveraged its early investment in ecommerce to set new standards for the global lodging industry Technologies used at Marriott Hotel Company website Point Of Sale-Micros Property Management System-Opera Central Reservation System-Marsha SAP for accounting and Payroll Fire Panel Door locks CCTV Blue Cube -Time Clock (Employee attendance) Cetral Reservation System In todays fast-paced environment, business travellers have enough to be concerned about, without worrying about hotel accommodations. And, it takes more than just hotel rooms to win in the highly competitive lodging business. Professionals want the latest technology at their fingertips, from fax machines to Internet services. Central Reservation System is used to connect to the different hotels of the same group. Currently at Marriott a software called MARSHA is used. MARSHA (Marriotts Automated Reservation System for Hotel Accommodations), according to Rinaldi. MARSHA allows guests to call in at any property and have a reservation agent allocate and book reservations, he explains. The Marriott Rewards System [a point-accumulation program to earn special savings] is also kept on this system so that guests can tabulate their points. All major airlines and travel agencies link into MARSHA by T1 and 56-Kbps connections as well. Micros-Opera Micros-Opera is one of the famous providers of property based system in today’s hospitality industry. Its PMS interface has become a common one within the hotel industry and is used by many as a de facto standard. Consequently, many software vendors use this interface because it makes it more likely that their software will be able to connect to other vendors’ applications. Micros: MICROS 9700 HMS It is the most widely used point-of-sale solution system in the leisure and entertainment marketplace. Built on years of industry experience, the entire 9700 HMS product suite is technology independent, running on MS SQL, Oracle, and Multiple Windows platforms. All 9700 HMS modules are web-delivered and enterprise enabled, making them easy to use while reducing total cost of ownership. 9700 HMS has proven installations ranging from small, specialized operations to large enterprise configurations spanning multiple properties in large geographic areas. Whether you operate one restaurant or hundreds, 9700 HMS has the functionality to meet your needs. Problems with Micros 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     When the systems crashes down then the checks has to be manually posted which is like duplication of work and time, there are even discrepancies sometimes and in that the company loses the revenue. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If there is a crash, it needs to be done by the help of a main server computer. But if the problem prevails there is a need to contact the vendor for his service. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The micros system sometimes get frozen which affect the overall performance of the server and the team. Difficulty Because Marriott involves representatives from every part of the company in all new initiatives from the very beginning, the company is spared many of the â€Å"growing pains† typically found when implementing large, global infrastructure projects.   The company’s business and marketing managers are technologically fluent and worked closely with the Information Resources and ecommerce departments throughout the process of upgrading and integrating the reservations system and Web presence.   There were, however, two key challenges Marriott faced in its MaRsHa and Marriott.com implementations: availability and scalability. Knowing that Marriott solutions have to be developed, implemented and rolled-out in a 24/7 global business environment, extra attention was paid to maintaining the reliability and availability of ongoing operations.   This was a critical factor in the MaRsHa upgrade, since the reservations system is literally the life’s blood of the company .   Marriott also upgraded both MaRsHa and Marriott.com with leading-edge scalability to support both current and future transaction volumes, and the systems have performed without data loss even as transactions have grown 400 percent over five years.   Marriott’s early commitment to high-performance processing, scalable storage and business continuity made the transition to an integrated reservations/Web solution error-free.Marriott also took great care in test and development before moving new functionality into the global production environment.   eMc’s advanced business continuity software supports the company’s robust testing capabilities, providing an up-to-date replicated copy of the MaRsHa production environment, which facilitates quality assurance, testing and development, without introducing any production performance degradation.   Marriott also creates business continuance volumes (BcVs) from the replicated production data, which are used by developers, for example, to test database applications without affecting either the production or main test systems.   The BcVs enable the creation of more robust development environments, better developer throughput, and the ability to go beyond normal functional testing to bring complex test environments to production and ultimately to market more quickly Conclusions Recommendations Now is the time for hospitality companies to take advantage of the opportunities available in creating a new value added customized online travel shopping experience for customers.   The ultimate trend calls for something comparable to the shopping-bot.   For those who are not familiar with the shop-bot concept, it is meant exclusively for online clothing shoppers who prefer to have a personal agent.   Similar to the shop-bot, the future of the Internet in the travel industry will provide a travel bot who will play the hand-holding travel agent for those that require the most guidance in arranging their travel plans.  Ã‚   This travel bot will create a custom experience that suits the particular customer needs offering a range of services including hotel rooms, restaurant tables, airline seats, and rental cars.   The travel bot will provide advice and recommendations as currently found on GDSs. It is important to take a look at how Internet technology will affect the future of the tourism industry.   Most IT tools are being utilized.   However, there is still much room for improvement in speed, reliability, and adaptation to new technologies.   It is crucial for companies to take advantage of the Internet before the competition.   A solid RD function is one of the elements in this process.   It is pertinent to study the customers and their businesses by encouraging them to fill out a customer’s profile form on the web. It is important to consider how technological drivers will influence changes.   Many traditional small and large players in the industry are having a difficult time adjusting to the changes involved in switching to a full IT based strategy.  Ã‚   This is mainly due to the extent to which the Internet changes how hospitality services and amenities are delivered.   It further alters the organizational structures within hospitality companies and modifies the interaction of the customer and service provider. The hospitality tourism internet future suggests a universal system where property management systems will eliminate the need for expensive on-site computer hardware/software.   The maintenance problems relating to breakdowns, backups, and upgrades will be resolved in an easy efficient manner.   The Internet will control all transactions involving credit card authorization, travel agent commissions, and point of sale transactions.   This will result in fewer problems, a decrease in staff and an increase in profits.   The typical hotel guest will have the option of selecting movies, games, software, shopping and information through voice communication and data/video, all available at a low cost. Future success for hospitality tourism companies depends upon their abilities to identify a target market and the strategic opportunities available for survival and growth.   If data is managed properly, the technology can assist hoteliers and restaurateurs in projecting the lifetime value of guests, creating increased loyalty, resulting in an increase in market share.   The process of mass production has never been accepted in the tourism industry; therefore customized services are a must for survival.   Today’s computer world allows for mass customization in pricing, location, and amenities to a more knowledge-based format.   In this case, marketing and IT departments must work closely toward a merger of core competencies.  Ã‚   The drive toward e-commerce success includes a plan to track surfing and consumption habits such as the buyers, payers, and the return visitors.   Independent consultants are available to provide this data efficiently and confidentially. It is crucial for hospitality tourism organizations to stay on top of the roles of the major online players that are posing a serious threat to the industry such as Travelocity, Priceline, Expedia, Yahoo, etc.   Their role in the future of hospitality tourism marketing is crucial to the survival of Hoteliers.   Hospitality tourism organizations might want to look into the potential of becoming one of the first movers to join the dot com craze.   The already established loyal customer base will allow hospitality tourism organizations to have an upper-hand over general online threats. The customized travel bot could provide the ultimate travel experience of a lifetime for customers in adding the most value, thus allowing first movers in the industry to gain an overall competitive advantage. Bibliography E-Commerce in Hospitality Tourism. 2011.  E-Commerce in Hospitality Tourism. [ONLINE] Available at:  http://gonzales.com.sg/techno.html. [Accessed 12 Feb 2011]. Marriott Internationals Accommodating Network Network Computing. 2011.  Marriott Internationals Accommodating Network Network Computing. [ONLINE] Available at:networkcomputing.com/909/909centerfoldtext.html. [Accessed 21 Feb 2011] Point of Sale Software Enterprise Information System. 2011.  Point of Sale Software Enterprise Information System. [ONLINE] Available at:  micros.com/. [Accessed 18 Feb 2011] Technology Jargon Buster 8/31/2005 Caterer Search. 2011.  Technology Jargon Buster 8/31/2005-CatererSearch  .[ONLINE]Available at :caterersearch.com/Articles/2005/08/31/302345/Technology-Jargon-Buster.htm. [Accessed 12 Feb 2011]marriot.com/ Marriott Global Source. 2011.  Marriott Global Source. [ONLINE] Available at:http://mgs.marriott.com/index.html. [Accessed 16 Feb 2011]